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<title>Modeling language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modeling language</span></span>

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<p>A <b>modeling language</b> is a notation for expressing <a href="Data" title="Data">data</a>, <a href="Information" title="Information">information</a> or <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> or <a href="System" title="System">systems</a> in a <a href="Structure" title="Structure">structure</a> that is defined by a consistent set of rules.

</p><p>A modeling language can be graphical or textual.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A graphical modeling language uses a <a href="Diagramming_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagramming technique">diagramming technique</a> with named symbols that represent concepts and lines that connect the symbols and represent relationships and various other graphical notation to represent constraints. A textual modeling language may use standardized keywords accompanied by parameters or natural language terms and phrases to make computer-interpretable expressions. An example of a graphical modeling language and a corresponding textual modeling language is <a href="EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">EXPRESS</a>.

</p><p>Not all modeling languages are executable, and for those that are, the use of them doesn't necessarily mean that programmers are no longer required. On the contrary, executable modeling languages are intended to amplify the productivity of skilled programmers, so that they can address more challenging problems, such as <a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">parallel computing</a> and <a href="Distributed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed system">distributed systems</a>.

</p><p>A large number of modeling languages appear in the literature.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Type_of_modeling_languages">Type of modeling languages</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphical_types">Graphical types</h3></div>

<p>Example of graphical modeling languages in the field of computer science, project management and systems engineering:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Behavior_Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavior Trees">Behavior Trees</a> are a formal, graphical modeling language used primarily in <a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems</a> and <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>. Commonly used to unambiguously represent the hundreds or even thousands of <a href="Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a> requirements that are typically used to express the <a href="Project_stakeholder" title="Project stakeholder">stakeholder</a> needs for a large-scale software-integrated system.</li>

<li><a href="Business_Process_Modeling_Notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Process Modeling Notation">Business Process Modeling Notation</a> (BPMN, and the <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a> form BPML) is an example of a <a href="Process_Modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Process Modeling">Process Modeling</a> language.</li>

<li><a href="C-K_theory" title="C-K theory">C-K theory</a> consists of a modeling language for design processes.</li>

<li><a href="DRAKON" title="DRAKON">DRAKON</a> is a <a href="General-purpose_modeling" title="General-purpose modeling">general-purpose algorithmic modeling</a> language for specifying software-intensive systems, a schematic representation of an algorithm or a stepwise process, and a family of <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>.</li>

<li><a href="EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">EXPRESS</a> and EXPRESS-G (ISO 10303-11) is an international standard general-purpose <a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">data modeling</a> language.</li>

<li><a href="Extended_Enterprise_Modeling_Language" title="Extended Enterprise Modeling Language">Extended Enterprise Modeling Language</a> (EEML) is commonly used for business process modeling across a number of layers.</li>

<li><a href="Flowchart" title="Flowchart">Flowchart</a> is a schematic representation of an algorithm or a stepwise process.</li>

<li><a href="Fundamental_Modeling_Concepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental Modeling Concepts">Fundamental Modeling Concepts</a> (FMC) modeling language for software-intensive systems.</li>

<li><a href="IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a> is a family of <a href="Modeling_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Modeling languages">modeling languages</a>, which include <a href="IDEF0" title="IDEF0">IDEF0</a> for functional modeling, <a href="IDEF1X" title="IDEF1X">IDEF1X</a> for information modeling, <a href="IDEF3" title="IDEF3">IDEF3</a> for business process modeling, <a href="IDEF4" title="IDEF4">IDEF4</a> for Object-Oriented Design and <a href="IDEF5" title="IDEF5">IDEF5</a> for modeling ontologies.</li>

<li><a href="Jackson_Structured_Programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Structured Programming">Jackson Structured Programming</a> (JSP) is a method for structured programming based on correspondences between data stream structure and program structure.</li>

<li>LePUS3 is an <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> visual Design Description Language and a <a href="Formal_specification" title="Formal specification">formal specification</a> language that is suitable primarily for modeling large object-oriented (<a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>) programs and <a href="Design_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Design patterns">design patterns</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Lifecycle_Modeling_Language" title="Lifecycle Modeling Language">Lifecycle Modeling Language</a> is an open-standard language for <a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a> that supports the full <a href="System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">system lifecycle</a>: conceptual, utilization, support and retirement stages.</li>

<li><a href="Object-Role_Modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-Role Modeling">Object-Role Modeling</a> (ORM) in the field of software engineering is a method for conceptual modeling, and can be used as a tool for information and rules analysis.</li>

<li><a href="Petri_net" title="Petri net">Petri nets</a> use variations on exactly one diagramming technique and topology, namely the <a href="Bipartite_graph" title="Bipartite graph">bipartite graph</a>. The simplicity of its basic user interface easily enabled extensive tool support over the years, particularly in the areas of model checking, graphically oriented simulation, and software verification.</li>

<li>Southbeach Notation is a visual modeling language used to describe situations in terms of agents that are considered useful or harmful from the modeler's perspective. The notation shows how the agents interact with each other and whether this interaction improves or worsens the situation.</li>

<li><a href="Specification_and_Description_Language" title="Specification and Description Language">Specification and Description Language</a> (SDL) is a specification language targeted at the unambiguous specification and description of the behavior of reactive and distributed systems.</li>

<li><a href="SysML" class="mw-redirect" title="SysML">SysML</a> is a <a href="Domain-Specific_Modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain-Specific Modeling">Domain-Specific Modeling</a> language for <a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a> that is defined as a UML profile (customization).</li>

<li><a href="Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a> (UML) is a <a href="General-purpose_modeling" title="General-purpose modeling">general-purpose modeling</a> language that is an industry standard for specifying software-intensive systems. UML 2.0, the current version, supports thirteen different diagram techniques, and has widespread tool support.</li>

<li>FLINT — language which allows a high-level description of normative systems.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_modeling#Service-oriented_modeling_framework" title="Service-oriented modeling">Service-oriented modeling framework (SOMF)</a> is a holistic language for designing enterprise and application level architecture models in the space of enterprise architecture, virtualization, service-oriented architecture (SOA), cloud computing, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-Bell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Architecture_description_language" title="Architecture description language">Architecture description language</a> (ADL) is a language used to describe and represent the <a href="Systems_architecture" title="Systems architecture">systems architecture</a> of a <a href="System" title="System">system</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Architecture_Analysis_%26_Design_Language" title="Architecture Analysis & Design Language">Architecture Analysis & Design Language</a> (AADL) is a modeling language that supports early and repeated analyses of a system's architecture with respect to performance-critical properties through an extendable notation, a tool framework, and precisely defined semantics.</li></ul>

<p>Examples of graphical modeling languages in other fields of science.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="EAST-ADL" title="EAST-ADL">EAST-ADL</a> is a <a href="Domain-Specific_Modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain-Specific Modeling">Domain-Specific Modeling</a> language dedicated to automotive system design.</li>

<li><a href="Energy_Systems_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Systems Language">Energy Systems Language</a> (ESL), a language that aims to model ecological energetics & global economics.</li>

<li><a href="IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">IEC 61499</a> defines <a href="Domain-Specific_Modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain-Specific Modeling">Domain-Specific Modeling</a> language dedicated to distribute industrial process measurement and control systems.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_types">Textual types</h3></div>

<p>Information models can also be expressed in formalized natural languages, such as Gellish.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gellish has natural language variants such as <a href="Gellish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Gellish English">Gellish Formal English</a> and Gellish Formal Dutch (<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gellish_Nederlands" class="extiw external" title="nl:Gellish Nederlands">Gellish Formeel Nederlands</a>), etc. Gellish Formal English is an information representation language or semantic modeling language that is defined in the Gellish English Dictionary-Taxonomy, which has the form of a Taxonomy-Ontology (similarly for Dutch). Gellish Formal English is not only suitable to express knowledge, requirements and dictionaries, taxonomies and ontologies, but also information about individual things. All that information is expressed in one language and therefore it can all be integrated, independent of the question whether it is stored in central or distributed or in federated databases. Information models in Gellish Formal English consists of collections of Gellish Formal English expressions, that use natural language terms and formalized phrases. For example, a geographic information model might consist of a number of Gellish Formal English expressions, such as:

</p>

<pre>- the Eiffel tower <is located in> Paris

- Paris <is classified as a> city

</pre>

<p>whereas information requirements and knowledge can be expressed for example as follows:

</p>

<pre>- tower <shall be located in a> geographical area

- city <is a kind of> geographical area

</pre>

<p>Such Gellish Formal English expressions use names of concepts (such as "city") and phrases that represent relation types (such as <span class="nowrap">⟨is located in⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨is classified as a⟩</span>) that should be selected from the Gellish English Dictionary-Taxonomy (or of your own domain dictionary). The Gellish English Dictionary-Taxonomy enables the creation of semantically rich information models, because the dictionary contains more than 600 standard relation types and contains definitions of more than 40000 concepts. An information model in Gellish can express facts or make statements, queries and answers.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_specific_types">More specific types</h3></div>

<p>In the field of <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> recently more specific types of modeling languages have emerged.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Algebraic">Algebraic</h4></div>

<p><a href="Algebraic_modeling_language" title="Algebraic modeling language">Algebraic Modeling Languages</a> (AML) are high-level programming languages for describing and solving high complexity problems for large scale mathematical computation (i.e. large scale optimization type problems). One particular advantage of AMLs like <a href="AIMMS" title="AIMMS">AIMMS</a>, <a href="AMPL" title="AMPL">AMPL</a>, <a href="General_Algebraic_Modeling_System" class="mw-redirect" title="General Algebraic Modeling System">GAMS</a>, <a href="Gekko_(optimization_software)" title="Gekko (optimization software)">Gekko</a>, <a href="FICO_Xpress" title="FICO Xpress">Mosel</a>, <a href="OPL_Development_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="OPL Development Studio">OPL</a>, <a href="MiniZinc" title="MiniZinc">MiniZinc</a>, and <a href="OptimJ" title="OptimJ">OptimJ</a> is the similarity of its syntax to the mathematical notation of optimization problems. This allows for a very concise and readable definition of problems in the domain of optimization, which is supported by certain language elements like sets, indices, algebraic expressions, powerful sparse index and data handling variables, constraints with arbitrary names. The algebraic formulation of a model does not contain any hints how to process it.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Behavioral">Behavioral</h4></div>

<p>Behavioral languages are designed to describe the observable behavior of complex systems consisting of components that

execute concurrently. These languages focus on the description of key concepts such as: concurrency, nondeterminism, synchronization, and communication. The semantic foundations of Behavioral languages are <a href="Process_calculus" title="Process calculus">process calculus</a> or <a href="Process_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Process algebra">process algebra</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discipline-specific">Discipline-specific</h4></div>

<p>A <a href="Service-oriented_modeling#Discipline-specific_modeling" title="Service-oriented modeling">discipline-specific modeling (DspM)</a> language is focused on deliverables affiliated with a specific software development life cycle stage. Therefore, such language offers a distinct vocabulary, syntax, and notation for each stage, such as discovery, analysis, design, architecture, contraction, etc. For example, for the analysis phase of a project, the modeler employs specific analysis notation to deliver an analysis proposition diagram. During the design phase, however, logical design notation is used to depict the relationship between software entities. In addition, the discipline-specific modeling language best practices does not preclude practitioners from combining the various notations in a single diagram.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domain-specific">Domain-specific</h4></div>

<p><a href="Domain-specific_modeling" title="Domain-specific modeling">Domain-specific modeling</a> (DSM) is a software engineering methodology for designing and developing systems, most often IT systems such as computer software. It involves the systematic use of a graphical <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific language</a> (DSL) to represent the various facets of a system. DSM languages tend to support higher-level abstractions than General-purpose modeling languages, so they require less effort and fewer low-level details to specify a given system.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Framework-specific">Framework-specific</h4></div>

<p>A <a href="Framework-specific_modeling_language" title="Framework-specific modeling language">framework-specific modeling language</a> (FSML) is a kind of domain-specific modeling language which is designed for an object-oriented application framework. FSMLs define framework-provided abstractions as FSML concepts and decompose the abstractions into features. The features represent implementation steps or choices.

</p><p>A FSML concept can be configured by selecting features and providing values for features. Such a concept configuration represents how the concept should be implemented in the code. In other words, concept configuration describes how the framework should be completed in order to create the implementation of the concept.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Information_and_knowledge_modeling">Information and knowledge modeling</h4></div>

<p><a href="Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a> and <a href="Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">ontology engineering</a> require 'host languages' to represent <a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">entities and the relations between them</a>, <a href="Constraint_(mathematics)" title="Constraint (mathematics)">constraints</a> between the properties of entities and relations, and <a href="Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> <a href="Attribute_(computing)" title="Attribute (computing)">attributes</a>. <a href="JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a> and <a href="Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> are two major (and semantically almost equivalent) languages in this context, primarily because they support <a href="Resource_Description_Framework#Statement_reification_and_context" title="Resource Description Framework">statement reification and contextualisation</a> which are essential properties to support the <a href="Higher-order_logic" title="Higher-order logic">higher-order logic</a> needed to reason about models. <a href="Model_transformation" title="Model transformation">Model transformation</a> is a common example of such reasoning.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Object-oriented">Object-oriented</h4></div>

<p>A language for <a href="Object-oriented_modeling" title="Object-oriented modeling">object-oriented modeling</a> (OOM) is a notation for modeling a system as object-oriented. An organization may use OOM to document and describe the system architecture and design to both developers and stakeholders. Because a modeling language is visual and at a higher-level of abstraction than code, using models encourages the generation of a shared vision that may prevent problems of differing interpretation later in development. Often software modeling tools are used to construct these models, which may then be capable of automatic translation to code.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Virtual_reality">Virtual reality</h4></div>

<p><a href="VRML" title="VRML">Virtual Reality Modeling Language</a> (VRML), before 1995 known as the Virtual Reality Markup Language is a standard file format for representing 3-dimensional (3D) interactive vector graphics, designed particularly with the World Wide Web in mind.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4></div>

<ul><li><a href="Architecture_Description_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture Description Language">Architecture Description Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Face_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Face Modeling Language">Face Modeling Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Generative_Modelling_Language" title="Generative Modelling Language">Generative Modelling Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_Modeling_Language" title="Java Modeling Language">Java Modeling Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Promela" title="Promela">Promela</a></li>

<li><a href="Rebeca_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebeca Modeling Language">Rebeca Modeling Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_Modeling_Language" title="Service Modeling Language">Service Modeling Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_Services_Modeling_Language" title="Web Services Modeling Language">Web Services Modeling Language</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<p>Various kinds of modeling languages are applied in different disciplines, including <a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="Information_management" title="Information management">information management</a>, <a href="Business_process_modeling" title="Business process modeling">business process modeling</a>, <a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, and <a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">systems engineering</a>. Modeling languages can be used to specify:

</p>

<ul><li>system requirements,</li>

<li>structures and</li>

<li>behaviors.</li></ul>

<p>Modeling languages are intended to be used to precisely specify systems so that stakeholders (e.g., customers, operators, analysts, designers) can better understand the system being modeled.

</p><p>The more mature modeling languages are precise, consistent and executable. <a href="Technical_Drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Drawing">Informal diagramming</a> techniques applied with drawing tools are expected to produce useful pictorial representations of system requirements, structures and behaviors, which can be useful for communication, design, and problem solving but cannot be used programmatically.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 539">: 539 </span></sup> Executable modeling languages applied with proper tool support, however, are expected to automate system <a href="Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">verification and validation</a>, <a href="Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> and <a href="Automatic_programming" title="Automatic programming">code generation</a> from the same representations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality">Quality</h2></div>

<p>A review of modelling languages is essential to be able to assign which languages are appropriate for different modelling settings. In the term settings we include stakeholders, domain and the knowledge connected. Assessing the <b>language quality</b> is a means that aims to achieve better models.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Framework_for_evaluation">Framework for evaluation</h3></div>

<p>Here language quality is stated in accordance with the <a href="SEQUAL_framework" title="SEQUAL framework">SEQUAL framework</a> for quality of models developed by Krogstie, Sindre and Lindland (2003), since this is a framework that connects the language quality to a framework for general model quality. Five areas are used in this framework to describe language quality and these are supposed to express both the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conceptual" class="extiw external" title="wikt:conceptual">conceptual</a> as well as the visual notation of the language. We will not go into a thorough explanation of the underlying quality framework of models but concentrate on the areas used to explain the language quality framework.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domain_appropriateness">Domain appropriateness</h4></div>

<p>The framework states the ability to represent the domain as domain appropriateness. The statement <i>appropriateness</i> can be a bit vague, but in this particular context it means <i>able to express</i>. You should ideally only be able to express things that are in the domain but be powerful enough to include everything that is in the domain. This requirement might seem a bit strict, but the aim is to get a visually expressed model which includes everything relevant to the domain and excludes everything not appropriate for the domain. To achieve this, the language has to have a good distinction of which notations and <a href="Syntax" title="Syntax">syntaxes</a> that are advantageous to present.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Participant_appropriateness">Participant appropriateness</h4></div>

<p>To evaluate the participant appropriateness we try to identify how well the language expresses the knowledge held by the stakeholders. This involves challenges since a stakeholder's knowledge is subjective. The knowledge of the stakeholder is both tacit and explicit. Both types of knowledge are of dynamic character. In this framework only the explicit type of knowledge is taken into account. The language should to a large extent express all the explicit knowledge of the stakeholders relevant to the domain.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modeller_appropriateness">Modeller appropriateness</h4></div>

<p>Last paragraph stated that knowledge of the stakeholders should be presented in a good way. In addition it is imperative that the language should be able to express all possible explicit knowledge of the stakeholders. No knowledge should be left unexpressed due to lacks in the language.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comprehensibility_appropriateness">Comprehensibility appropriateness</h4></div>

<p>Comprehensibility appropriateness makes sure that the social actors understand the model due to a consistent use of the language. To achieve this the framework includes a set of criteria. The general importance that these express is that the language should be flexible, easy to organize and easy to distinguish different parts of the language internally as well as from other languages. In addition to this, the goal should be as simple as possible and that each symbol in the language has a unique representation.

</p><p>This is in connection to also to the structure of the development requirements.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tool_appropriateness">Tool appropriateness</h4></div>

<p>To ensure that the domain actually modelled is usable for analyzing and further processing, the language has to ensure that it is possible to reason in an automatic way. To achieve this it has to include formal syntax and semantics. Another advantage by formalizing is the ability to discover errors in an early stage. It is not always that the language best fitted for the technical actors is the same as for the social actors.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organizational_appropriateness">Organizational appropriateness</h4></div>

<p>The language used is appropriate for the organizational context, e.g. that the language is standardized within the organization, or that it is supported by tools that are chosen as standard in the organization.

</p>

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<ul><li><a href="AltaRica" title="AltaRica">AltaRica</a> – Modeling language</li>

<li><a href="Analogical_models" title="Analogical models">Analogical models</a> – Relation of types of systems with corresponding dynamics</li>

<li><a href="Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> – Attribution of human traits to non-human entities</li>

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a> – Abstract model</li>

<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a> – Creating a model of the data in a system</li>

<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a> – Concept of software engineering</li>

<li><a href="Model-based_testing" title="Model-based testing">Model-based testing</a> (MBT)</li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_architecture" title="Model-driven architecture">Model-driven architecture</a> – Software design approach</li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a> (MDE)</li>

<li><a href="Modeling_perspective" title="Modeling perspective">Modeling perspective</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_language" title="Ontology language">Ontology language</a> – Formal language used to construct ontologies</li>

<li><a href="Pseudocode" title="Pseudocode">Pseudocode</a> – Description of an algorithm that resembles a computer program</li>

<li><a href="Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a> – Scientific activity that produces models</li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_modeling" title="Service-oriented modeling">Service-oriented modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_modeling" title="Visual modeling">Visual modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_language" title="Visual language">Visual language</a> – System of communication using visual elements</li>

<li><a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">Visual programming language</a> – Programming language written graphically by a user</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFHeMaShaoLi2007" class="citation conference cs1">He, Xiao; Ma, Zhiyi; Shao, Weizhong; Li, Ge (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4291008">"A metamodel for the notation of graphical modeling languages"</a>. <i>31st Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference - Vol. 1- (COMPSAC 2007)</i>. Vol. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">219–</span>224. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.526.5321">10.1.1.526.5321</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCOMPSAC.2007.27">10.1109/COMPSAC.2007.27</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7695-2870-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBretelervan_GesselBiagionivan_Doesburg2023" class="citation cs2">Breteler, Jeroen; van Gessel, Thom; Biagioni, Giulia; van Doesburg, Robert (2023-09-11), Acosta, Maribel; Peroni, Silvio; Vahdati, Sahar; Gentile, Anna-Lisa (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.iospress.nl/doi/10.3233/SSW230016">"The FLINT Ontology: An Actor-Based Model of Legal Relations"</a>, <i>Studies on the Semantic Web</i>, IOS Press, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2Fssw230016">10.3233/ssw230016</a></span>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-64368-424-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-13</span></span></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBell2008" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Michael (2008). "Introduction to Service-Oriented Modeling". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/serviceorientedm0000bell"><i>Service-Oriented Modeling: Service Analysis, Design, and Architecture</i></a></span>. Wiley & Sons. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-470-14111-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* Andries van Renssen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3Ade26132b-6f03-41b9-b882-c74b7e34a07d">Gellish, A Generic Extensible Ontological Language</a>, Delft University of Technology, 2005.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBaltesDiehl2014" class="citation book cs1">Baltes, Sebastian; Diehl, Stephan (2014-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145/2635868.2635891">"Sketches and diagrams in practice"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering</i>. FSE 2014. Hong Kong, China: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. <span class="nowrap">530–</span>541. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.09172">1706.09172</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2635868.2635891">10.1145/2635868.2635891</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4503-3056-5</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2436333">2436333</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="John_Krogstie" title="John Krogstie">John Krogstie</a> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igi-global.com/chapter/evaluating-uml-using-generic-quality/30534">"Evaluating UML using a generic quality framework"</a> . SINTEF Telecom and Informatics and IDI, NTNU, Norway</li>

<li>Krogstie and Sølvsberg (2003). <i>Information Systems Engineering: Conceptual Modeling in a Quality Perspective</i>. Institute of computer and information sciences.\</li>

<li>Anna Gunhild Nysetvold and <a href="John_Krogstie" title="John Krogstie">John Krogstie</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-363/paper15.pdf">"Assessing business processing modeling languages using a generic quality framework"</a>. Institute of computer and information sciences.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Modeling_languages" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Modeling languages">Modeling languages</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmc-modeling.org/">Fundamental Modeling Concepts</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modeling-languages.com/">Software Modeling Languages Portal</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-verimag.imag.fr/~async/bip.php">BIP -- Incremental Component-based Construction of Real-time Systems</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gellish.net/">Gellish Formal English</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Computer_science1050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">Very-large-scale integration</a></li>

<li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption</a> (green computing)</li>

<li><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber-physical_system" title="Cyber-physical system">Cyber-physical system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Network protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li>

<li><a href="Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">Control variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li>

<li><a href="Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_process_control" title="Industrial process control">Process control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>

<li><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-centered_computing">Human–centered computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li>

<li><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li>

<li>Differentiable computing</li>

<li><a href="Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> Glossaries</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering336" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Software_engineering336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>

<li><a href="DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li>

<li><a href="Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li>

<li><a href="Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Software" title="Software">Software</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li>

<li><a href="Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a>

<ul><li><a href="Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li>

<li><a href="Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li>

<li><a href="Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li>

<li><a href="Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li>

<li><a href="Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li>

<li><a href="Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li>

<li><a href="V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li>

<li><a href="Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li>

<li><a href="Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li>

<li><a href="Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li>

<li><a href="ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li>

<li><a href="View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design">Systems design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Software_requirements_specification" title="Software requirements specification"> Requirements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">Functional requirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">Non-functional requirement</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Capacity_planning" title="Capacity planning"> Capacity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Active_users" title="Active users"> Users</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_processing_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Central processing units"> Compute</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_memory" title="Computer memory"> Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)"> Network</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_traffic" title="Web traffic">Web traffic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)"> Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="GraphQL" title="GraphQL">GraphQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Webhook" title="Webhook">Webhook</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="High-level_design" title="High-level design">High-level design</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"> Client</a></li>

<li><a href="Load_balancing_(computing)" title="Load balancing (computing)"> Load balancing</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_server" title="Application server">Application server</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_queue" title="Message queue">Message queue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="System_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="System Integration"> Integration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration"> Vertical</a></li>

<li><a href="API_management" title="API management"> API Gateway</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_store" title="Event store"> Event Source</a></li>

<li><a href="Batch_processing" title="Batch processing"> Batch</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_processing" title="Stream processing">Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestration_(computing)" title="Orchestration (computing)"> Orchestration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Architectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectures">Architectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Monolithic_application" title="Monolithic application"> Monolithic</a></li>

<li><a href="Microservices" title="Microservices">Microservices</a></li>

<li><a href="Event-driven_architecture" title="Event-driven architecture"> Event-Driven</a></li>

<li><a href="Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model"> Client–server</a></li>

<li><a href="Serverless_computing" title="Serverless computing"> Serverless</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li>

<li><a href="Rate_limiting" title="Rate limiting">Rate limiting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Database" title="Database">Database</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Relational_database" title="Relational database"> Relational</a></li>

<li><a href="NoSQL" title="NoSQL">NoSQL</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_database" title="Graph database"> Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Key%E2%80%93value_database" title="Key–value database"> Key–value</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_series_database" title="Time series database"> Time series</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_orientation" title="Data orientation"> Column Oriented</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Systems_design" title="Systems design"> Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consistency_(database_systems)" title="Consistency (database systems)">Consistency</a></li>

<li><a href="Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability</a></li>

<li><a href="CAP_theorem" title="CAP theorem">CAP theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance"> Maintainability</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_configuration" title="Computer configuration"> Configurability</a></li>

<li><a href="Modularity" title="Modularity">Modularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Durability_(database_systems)" title="Durability (database systems)"> Durability</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Scalability" title="Scalability">Scalability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Service_statelessness_principle" title="Service statelessness principle"> Stateless</a></li>

<li><a href="Asynchronous_I/O" title="Asynchronous I/O">Asynchronous I/O</a></li>

<li><a href="Loose_coupling" title="Loose coupling">Loose coupling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Availability" title="Availability">Availability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Failover" title="Failover">Failover</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Replication_(computing)" title="Replication (computing)"> Replication</a></li>

<li><a href="Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">Consistent hashing</a></li>

<li><a href="Circuit_breaker_design_pattern" title="Circuit breaker design pattern"> Circuit breaker</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">Latency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)"> Cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)"> Shard </a></li>

<li><a href="Database_index" title="Database index">Database index</a></li>

<li><a href="Cache_prefetching" title="Cache prefetching"> Pre-caching</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage"> Storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Block-level_storage" title="Block-level storage"> Block storage</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Observability_(software)" title="Observability (software)"> Observability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Logging_(computing)" title="Logging (computing)"> Logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_metric" title="Software metric"> Metrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)"> Tracing </a></li>

<li><a href="Failure_rate" title="Failure rate"> Error rate </a></li>

<li><a href="Queries_per_second" title="Queries per second">Queries per second </a></li>

<li><a href="Notification_system" title="Notification system">Notification system</a></li>

<li><a href="Anomaly_detection" title="Anomaly detection">Anomaly detection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_computer_language61" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_computer_language61" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="Computer_language" title="Computer language">computer language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architecture_description_language" title="Architecture description language">Architecture description</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_exchange#Data_exchange_languages" title="Data exchange">Data exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">Hardware description</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation language">Knowledge representation</a></li>

<li><a href="Markup_language" title="Markup language">Markup</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Query_language" title="Query language">Query</a></li>

<li><a href="Shading_language" title="Shading language">Shading</a></li>

<li><a href="Specification_language" title="Specification language">Specification</a></li>

<li><a href="Style_sheet_language" title="Style sheet language">Stylesheet</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformation_language" title="Transformation language">Transformation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Category:Lists of computer languages</li>

<li>Category:Lists of programming languages</li>

<li><a href="List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">List of programming languages by type</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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